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[{”id”:”diva2:786475″,”type”:”report”,”issued”: {”date-parts”: [[2015]]},”title”:”Biogas Research Center, BRC : Slutrapport för etapp 1″,”language”:”swe”,”author”:[{”family”:”Ammenberg”,”given”:”Jonas”,”ORCID”:”0000-0002-8323-881X”,”localId”:”jonam98″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2193″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik”},{”id”:”1751″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Svensson”,”given”:”Bo”,”localId”:”bosv63″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”16250″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring”},{”id”:”1750″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Karlsson”,”given”:”Magnus”,”ORCID”:”0000-0001-7798-0471″,”localId”:”magka63″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2187″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Energisystem”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Svensson”,”given”:”Niclas”,”localId”:”nicsv19″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2193″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik”},{”id”:”1751″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Björn”,”given”:”Annika”,”localId”:”annfr03″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”16250″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring”},{”id”:”1750″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Karlsson”,”given”:”Martin”,”localId”:”marka41″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”9600″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Kemi”},{”id”:”1751″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Tonderski”,”given”:”Karin”,”ORCID”:”0000-0002-0722-6083″,”localId”:”karsu52″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”9603″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biologi”},{”id”:”1751″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Eklund”,”given”:”Mats”,”ORCID”:”0000-0003-0157-6573″,”localId”:”matek57″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2193″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik”},{”id”:”1751″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]}],”abstract”:”Biogas Research Center (BRC) är ett kompetenscentrum för biogasforskning som finansieras av Energimyndigheten, LiU och ett flertal externa organisationer med en tredjedel vardera. BRC har en mycket bred tvärvetenskaplig inriktning och sammanför biogasrelaterad kompetens från flera olika områden för att skapa interaktion på flera olika plan:<ul><li>mellan näringsliv, akademi och samhälle,</li><li>mellan olika perspektiv, samt</li><li>mellan olika discipliner och kompetensområden.</li></ul>BRC:s vision är:<i>Resurseffektiva biogaslösningar finns genomförda i många nya tillämpningar och bidrar till en mer hållbar energiförsörjning, förbättrat miljötillstånd och goda affärer.</i>BRC:s särskilda roll för att uppnå denna vision är att bidra med kunskapsförsörjning och process-/teknikutveckling för att facilitera utveckling, innovation och implementering av biogaslösningar. Resurseffektivitet är ett nyckelord, vilket handlar om att förbättra befintliga processer och system samt utveckla biogaslösningar i nya sektorer och möjliggöra användning av nya substrat.For BRC:s etapp 1, den första tvåårsperioden mellan 2012-2014, var forskningsprojekten organiserade enligt tabellen nedan. Den visar viktiga utmaningar för biogasproducenter och andra intressenter, samt hur dessa ”angreps” med åtta forskningsprojekt. Fem av projekten var av explorativ karaktär i bemärkelsen att de var bredare och mer framtidsorienterade – exempelvis utvärderade flera möjliga tekniska utvecklingsmöjligheter (EP1-5). Tre projekt hade ett tydligare fokus på teknik- och processutveckling (DP6-8).<img src=\"http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:786475/IMAGE01\" />I den här slutrapporten ges en kortfattad bakgrundsbeskrivning och det finns en introduktion till vad den här typen av kompetenscentrum innebär generellt. Därefter finns mer detaljerad information om BRC, exempelvis gäller det centrumets etablering, relevans, vision, hörnstenar och utveckling. De deltagande organisationerna presenteras, både forskargrupperna vid Linköpings universitet och partners och medlemmar. Vidare finns en mer utförlig introduktion till och beskrivning av utmaningarna i tabellen och kortfattat information om forskningsprojekten, följt av ett kapitel som berör måluppfyllelse och den externa utvärdering som gjorts av BRC:s verksamhet. Detaljerad, listad information finns till stor del i bilagorna.Kortfattat kan det konstateras att måluppfyllelsen överlag är god. Det är speciellt positivt att så många vetenskapliga artiklar publicerats (eller är på gång att publiceras) kopplat till forskningsprojekten och även i det vidare centrumperspektivet. Helt klart förekommer en omfattande verksamhet inom och kopplat till BRC. I etapp 2 är det viktigt att öka andelen mycket nöjda partner och medlemmar, där nu hälften är nöjda och hälften mycket nöjda. Det handlar framför allt om stärkt kommunikation, interaktion och projektledning. Under 2015 förväntas åtminstone två doktorsexamina, där avhandlingarna har stor koppling till forskningen inom etapp 1.I början på år 2014 skedde en extern utvärdering av verksamheten vid BRC med huvudsyftet att bedöma hur väl centrumet lyckats med etableringen samt att granska om det fanns förutsättningar för framtida framgångsrik verksamhet. Generellt var utfallet mycket positivt och utvärderarna konstaterade att BRC på kort tid lyckats etablera en verksamhet som fungerar väl och engagerar det stora flertalet deltagande aktörer, inom relevanta områden och där de flesta involverade ser BRC som en befogad och väl fungerande satsning, som de har för avsikt att även fortsättningsvis stödja. Utvärderingen bidrog också med flera relevant tips och till att belysa utmaningar.Utöver denna slutrapport finns separata publikationer från forskningsprojekten.Arbetet som presenteras i rapporten har finansierats av Energimyndigheten och de medverkande organisationerna.”,”NBN”:”urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-114037″,”number-of-pages”:”99″,”collection-title”:”Biogas Research Center (BRC) Report”,”collection-number”:”2014:1″,”publisher-place”:”Linköping”,”publisher”:”Linköping University Electronic Press”,”published”:[{”raw”:”2015-02-05T15:30:00.000+01:00″}],”created”:[{”raw”:”2015-02-05T15:30:30.391+01:00″}],”updated”:[{”raw”:”2023-04-24T09:13:31.569+02:00″}],”URL”:”https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-114037″},{”id”:”diva2:807755″,”type”:”report”,”issued”: {”date-parts”: [[2015]]},”title”:”Final report for BRC EP3 (New industries)”,”language”:”eng”,”author”:[{”family”:”Karlsson”,”given”:”Magnus”,”ORCID”:”0000-0001-7798-0471″,”localId”:”magka63″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2187″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Energisystem”},{”id”:”1751″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Ivner”,”given”:”Jenny”,”localId”:”jenni84″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2187″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Energisystem”},{”id”:”1751″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Söderström”,”given”:”Mats”,”localId”:”matso16″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2187″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Energisystem”},{”id”:”1751″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]}],”abstract”:”In BRC EP3 focus has been on new industries. The goal has been to find some new industries where biogas production is a resource‐efficient way to take advantage of material flows that are not used today. From this goal seven activities were formulated and are in short: (A1) Present biogas solutions, (A2) Overview of new industrial sectors in Sweden regarding biogas production, (A3) Possibilities and impossibilities process‐wise, (A4) Energy and environmental impacts, (A5) Societal aspects, (A6) Selection of case studies, and (A7) Case study design. These activities needed different angles of approach and therefore a variety of methods were used in the project, e.g. literature studies, calculations, measurements, interviews and workshops. The results from the activities are presented in short below.A1: International comparison of biogas production at industrial sites, for example, is impossible to carry out as different classifications are used in different countries. In A1 a way to categorize biogas plants is proposed and discussed.A2: By screening and geographically pin‐pointing the food industry, eight clusters were chosen for deeper studies. A mapping of biogas potential was thereafter carried out in these clusters. The activity shows great potentials for some of the clusters regarding biogas production.A3: Process‐related feasibility for opportunities for the clusters studied in A2 is targeted. The general conclusion is that there are no severe aspects that imply that one should not continue working with a specific cluster or a specific substrate found in those clusters, regarding biogas production.A4: Each cluster found in A2 is assessed in terms of environmental aspects (climate, acidification and eutrophication), energy balance and economy, which were found being the most important assessment criteria when it comes to efficient biogas solutions. The results show, for example, that even though some of the clusters hold a large potential for biogas production some of these clusters do not imply profitable solutions or environmental advantages compared to the present situation of using the substrates. Moreover, the study shows that the end use of the biogas (electricity, heat and vehicle fuel) has significant influence on the results. It is shown that each cluster has a unique combination of substrates and unique alternatives for use of both substrates and produced biogas, implying different beneficial solutions. Sometimes the beneficial solutions differ dependent on what assessment criterion used.A5: Societal aspects were explored for each cluster found in A2. It is shown that there are differences between the clusters regarding institutional and organizational prerequisites. Important areas have been identified on both a national level (e.g. taxes) and regional level (e.g. cooperation between public and private sectors).A6: When selecting case studies it is found that the following aspects needs to be considered: (1) biogas potential, (2) character of substrates and other materials, (3) environmental aspects (climate, acidification and eutrophication), (4) influence on energy balances (5) economy, (6) use of biogas, and (7) societal aspects.A7: When designing case studies the same aspects as for A6 applies. However, when designing the case study it is also vital to consider where to put the system border and also consider the localization of the production unit (e.g. internal at a company or detached).Moreover, integration of biogas solutions with other types of material or energy flows has to be considered.All the stated parts in “Motivation and aim” are addressed in the project. Consequently, the target of the project is achieved.”,”NBN”:”urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-117406″,”number-of-pages”:”36″,”collection-title”:”Biogas Research Center (BRC) Report”,”collection-number”:”2014:4″,”publisher-place”:”Linköping”,”publisher”:”Linköping University Electronic Press”,”published”:[{”raw”:”2015-04-24T13:26:00.000+02:00″}],”created”:[{”raw”:”2015-04-24T13:26:15.916+02:00″}],”updated”:[{”raw”:”2023-04-24T09:17:12.368+02:00″}],”URL”:”https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-117406″},{”id”:”diva2:776575″,”type”:”report”,”issued”: {”date-parts”: [[2014]]},”title”:”Improvement of the Biogas Production Process : Explorative project (EP1)”,”language”:”eng”,”author”:[{”family”:”Karlsson”,”given”:”Anna”,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”16250″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring”},{”id”:”1750″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Björn”,”given”:”Annika”,”localId”:”annfr03″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”16250″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring”},{”id”:”1750″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Sepehr”,”given”:”Shakeri Yekta”,”localId”:”sepsh83″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”16250″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring”},{”id”:”1750″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Svensson”,”given”:”Bo”,”localId”:”bosv63″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”16250″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring”},{”id”:”1750″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]}],”abstract”:”There are several ways to improve biogas production in anaerobic digestion processes and a number of strategies may be chosen. Increased organic loading in existing plants will in most cases demand the introduction of new substrate types. However, to substantially increase the Swedish biogas production new, large-scale biogas plants digesting new substrate types need to be established.<b>Better utilization of existing digester volumes can be linked to: </b><ul><li>Increase of organic loading rates and/or reduced hydraulic retention time</li><li>Optimizing the anaerobic microbial degradation by identifying rate-limitations, its causes and possible remedies such as:</li><li>Nutrient and trace element balances</li><li>Needs and availability of trace element</li><li>Process design aiming at an increase of the active biomass (e.g. recirculation of reactor material, two stage processes)</li><li>Process inhibition (enzymatically regulated product inhibition and toxicity)</li><li>Improved pre-treatment to increase degradation rates and VS-reduction</li><li>Mixing and rheology</li><li>Better monitoring and control</li><li>Co-digestion with more high-potential substrates</li></ul><i>The present report reviews a number of fields that are linked to improvements in the biogas production process as based on the bullets above.</i>A well-working, active biomass is a prerequisite for efficient biogas production processes, why factors affecting microbial growth are crucial to obtain stable processes at the highest possible organic load/lowest possible hydraulic retention time.The microorganisms need nutrients, i.e. carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium and iron as well as trace elements such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and tungsten for growth. The need of nutrients and trace elements varies with the substrate digested, the organic loading rate, the process design (e.g. the reactor configuration, the degree of recirculation etc). In addition, the complexity of the chemical reactions controlling the bioavailability of the trace metals is wide, why optimal addition strategies for trace elements needs to be developed.Substrates as food wastes, sewage sludge, cattle manure, certain energy crops and algae are good bases to obtain processes with good nutrient- and trace element balances. These kinds of substrates can often be implemented for “mono-substrate” digestion, while substrates dominated by carbohydrates or fats needs to be co-digested or digested in processes modified by  e.g. nutrient- and trace element additions, sludge recirculation, etc. Protein-rich substrates often include enough nutrients, but can give other process problems (see below).Iron, cobalt and nickel are the nutrients/trace elements given most attention so far. However, molybdenum, selenium and tungsten have also, among others, been shown effective in different AD applications. The effects have, however, mainly been shown on turnover of VFAs and hydrogen (resulting in increased methane formation), while just a few studies have addressed their direct effect on rates of hydrolysis, protein-, fat- and carbohydrate degradation. Selenium- and cobalt-containing enzymes are known to be involved in amino acid degradation, while selenium and tungsten are needed in fat- and long chain fatty acid degradation. Enzymes active in hydrolysis of cellulose have been shown to be positively affected by cobalt, cupper, manganese, magnesium and calcium. This implies that trace element levels and availability will directly affect the hydrolysis rates as well as rates and degradation pathways for digestion of amino acids, long chain fatty acids and carbohydrates. However, their effect on hydrolysis seems neglected, why studies are needed to map the metals present in active sites and co-factors of enzymes mediating these primary reactions in AD. Further investigations are then needed to elucidate the importance of the identified metals on the different degradation steps of AD aiming at increased degradation rates of polymeric and complex substrates. It should also be noted that the degradation routes for amino acid degradation in AD-processes, factors governing their metabolic pathways, and how ATP is gained in the different pathways seem unknown. The different routes may result in different degradation efficiencies, why a deeper knowledge within this field is called for.Trace metals added to biogas reactors have positive effects on the process only if they are present in chemical species suitable for microbial uptake. Interaction of biogenic sulfide with trace metals has been identified as the main regulator of trace metal speciation during AD. Fe, Co and Ni instantaneously form strong sulfide precipitates in biogas reactors but at the same time show very different chemical speciation features. The soluble fraction of Co widely exceeded the levels theoretically possible in equilibrium with inorganic sulfide. The high level of soluble Co is likely due to association with dissolved organic compounds of microbial origin. Fe and Ni speciation demonstrated a different pattern dominated by low solubility products of inorganic metal sulfide minerals, where their solubility was controlled mainly by the interactions with different dissolved sulfide and organic ligands. To our knowledge, the information about chemical speciation of other trace metals (Se, Mo, and W among others) and its effects on the bioavailability in anaerobic digestion environments is rare. Providing information on the metal requirements by processes linked to their bioavailability in biogas reactors is identified as a key knowledge needed for maximizing the effect of metals added to biogas reactors. Further research is also needed for development and design of proper metal additive solutions for application in full scale biogas plants. A practical approach is to supplement trace metals in specific chemical forms, which are either suitable for direct bio-uptake or will hamper undesirable and bio-uptake-limiting reactions (e.g. mineral precipitation).Recirculation of reactor material as a way to enrich and maintain an active microbial biomass (and, thus, an increase in the substrate turnover rate) in tank reactors has been tested for digestion of fat within BRCs project DP6. The methane yield increased from 70 to 90% of the theoretical potential at a fat-loading rate of 1.5 g VS/L and day. The same strategy has been successful during digestion of fiber sludge from the pulp and paper industry, i.e. the recirculation has been crucial in establishment of low hydraulic retention times. Also degradation of sewage sludge (SS) would likely be improved by recirculation as the retention time of the solid SS is prolonged in such a system. However, this remains to be tested. The recirculation concept also needs to be evaluated in larger scale reactors to form a base to include extra costs and energy consumption vs. the benefits from increased yields.To divide the anaerobic digestion process into two phases, where the hydrolytic/acidogenic and the syntrophic/methanogenic stages of anaerobic digestion are separated, might be a way to enhance degradation of lignocellulosic materials as the hydrolysis of these compounds may be inhibited by the release of soluble sugars. It should be noted that the natural AD of ruminates is phase-separated and improvements in AD can likely be achieved using these natural systems as a starting point. Also the degradation of aromatic and chlorinated species is likely enhanced by phase separation. One way to obtain such systems is to combine a leached bed for hydrolysis of insoluble material with a methanogenic reactor treating the leachate. Plug flow reactors might be another possibility as well as membrane reactors, which physically separates the hydrolyzing and methanogenic phases.Inhibition caused by toxic levels of ammonia (protein- and ammonia rich substrates), fat-rich substrates and long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), aromatic compounds, salts etc. have been reported in many cases and some remedies are suggested. Ammonia can be stripped off as a measure to overcome too high levels. Another option is to adjust pH of the reactor liquid by addition of acid shifting the ammonia-ammonium balance in the system towards less free ammonia. A decrease in alkalinity by acid addition might also affect the availability of trace elements as solubility of trace metal mineral phases is generally higher at lower pH. LCFA degradation has been shown to benefit from periodic additions of fat and is, thus, an effective strategy to minimize inhibition by the release of the LCFA. Adsorption to zeolites has also been shown to abate the inhibition by LCFA. The best way to avoid inhibition is, however, to keep the processes nutritionally well balanced and using concepts suitable for the actual substrate mix digested (i.e. sludge recirculation, phase separation etc.) in order to obtain the highest possible degradation rate for problematic compounds, thus, avoiding accumulation of inhibitory components such as LCFA and aromatics. High ammonia and salt levels can often be regulated by the substrate mix.The hydrolysis is often reported as rate limiting in digestion of complex polymers in balanced anaerobic digestion systems, while the methanogensis is regarded as rate-limiting for more easily degraded substrates. As mentioned above the effect on methane formation rates by the addition of trace elements have been shown in numerous studies, while their effect on the hydrolysis and acidogenic AD steps are much less studied. Thus, the effects of the trace elements on the early steps in the AD-chain need to be investigated further.To obtain high-rate hydrolysis, effective and energy efficient pre-treatment methods are crucial for a large number of substrates. The rate of hydrolysis is to a large extent dependent on the properties of the organic compounds in the substrate e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, fat or lignocellulosic material as well as particle size and pre-treatment methods applied. The establishment and colonization by sessile microorganisms and biofilms is highly important for efficient and high rate hydrolysis. Microbial formation of organic compounds and the availability of surfaces are factors influencing these key processes, which in turn are tightly coupled to the growth conditions for the hydrolyzing microorganisms. This is an area recently brought up as an issue for detailed research.Mixing is mostly needed for effective high-rate biogas production, but too extensive mixing can destroy the syntrohpic interactions necessarily taking place during AD. However, the efficiency of the mixing system design in relation to colonization, presences of dead zones, changes in viscosity/rheology, etc. seem unclear and this area thus calls for further attention. In high-loaded efficient processes a monitoring program following parameters e.g. organic loading rate, gas-production, VS-reduction, pH and VFA-levels is needed. This can be achieved through sampling and analysis off line, but there are of course benefits with on-line monitoring. A number of different methods have been suggested and tested, and some titration- and spectroscopic methods are applied, but none seems commonly in use. The reasons for the low interest to apply these methods may be the need for expertise on calibration, validation and multivariate analysis of most on-line methods, high maintenance demands (cost and time), and l functional problems related to fouling, gas bubbles, sensor location, disturbing particles etc.New substrates with the highest potential for use in existing or new biogas plants seem to be forestry-based biomass, certain energy crops and macro-algae. Both the energy crops and the macro-algae can be chosen to give nutritionally well balanced AD-processes, while AD on forestry biomass demands nutrient supplements. For both the energy crops and the macro-algae sustainable cultivation systems need to be developed. Crop rotation systems should be employed to minimize tillage as well as fertilization- and pesticide utilization at highest possible TS-yields. System analyses aiming at sustainability and economy of TS and methane yields per ha including needs of nutrient supplements should therefore be performed.In all three cases (forestry biomass, energy crops and algae) pre-treatment methods to create high internal surface areas are needed. However, the pre-treatment methods chosen need to be highly energy- and resource efficient to obtain sustainable systems (a positive energy balance). New plants will for profitability likely need to be large with highly developed infrastructure for substrates supply and distribution of the produced biogas/electricity nearby. Process concepts aiming at highest possible loading rates at shortest possible retention time will be needed, which likely are met by including both phase-separated process systems and systems for sludge recirculation.It should also be noted that the lignin in substrates from forestry biomass needs to be used for production of e.g. polymeric materials or as a fuel to obtain reasonable energy balances for AD of lignocellulose. Pre-treatment methods obtaining separation of lignin is therefore needed. A substantial research and development is in progress within this field.The possibilities for AD within the pulp and paper industry are interesting, especially if specific effluents within the pulp- and paper production units are selected and the raw material for the pulp and paper production is chosen considering the biogas yields of the residues.”,”NBN”:”urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112983″,”number-of-pages”:”87″,”collection-title”:”Biogas Research Center (BRC) Report”,”collection-number”:”2014:2″,”keyword”:”Biogas; bio technology; bio science”,”publisher-place”:”Linköping”,”publisher”:”Linköping University Electronic Press”,”published”:[{”raw”:”2015-01-07T16:57:00.000+01:00″}],”created”:[{”raw”:”2015-01-07T16:57:40.684+01:00″}],”updated”:[{”raw”:”2023-04-24T09:18:24.205+02:00″}],”URL”:”https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112983″},{”id”:”diva2:1156008″,”type”:”report”,”issued”: {”date-parts”: [[2017]]},”title”:”Systematic assessment of feedstock for an expanded biogas production : A multi-criteria approach”,”language”:”eng”,”author”:[{”family”:”Ammenberg”,”given”:”Jonas”,”ORCID”:”0000-0002-8323-881X”,”localId”:”jonam98″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2193″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik”},{”id”:”872902″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Bohn”,”given”:”Irene”,”affiliation”:[{”name”:”Den Kgl. Veterinær- og Landbohøjskole, Denmark”}]},{”family”:”Feiz”,”given”:”Roozbeh”,”ORCID”:”0000-0002-6736-6125″,”localId”:”roofe41″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2193″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik”},{”id”:”872902″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]}],”abstract”:”Biogas solutions can contribute to more renewable and local energy systems, and also involve other essential aspects such as nutrient recycling. From a theoretical feedstock perspective there is a great biogas potential in Sweden, but the development has been relatively slow as many biogas producers face challenges of different types. Among the many influencing factors, the choice of feedstocks (biomass) is of strategic importance. Within the Biogas Research Center (BRC), hosted by Linköping University in Sweden, a research project focused on feedstock has been ongoing for several years. It has involved researchers, biogas and biofertilizer producers, agricultural organizations and others. The main aim has been to develop a method to assess the suitability of feedstock for biogas and biofertilizer production, and to apply this method on a few selected feedstocks. A multi-criteria method has been developed that covers potential, feasibility and resource efficiency, operationalized via 17 indicators directed towards cost efficiency, technological feasibility, energy and environmental performance, accessibility, competition, policy and other issues. Thus the method it is relatively comprehensive, yet hopefully simple enough to be used by practitioners.The main ambition, applying the method, has been to collect and structure relevant information to facilitate strategic overviews, communication and informed decision making. This is relevant for development within the biogas and biofertilizer industry, for policymakers, to define and prioritize among essential research projects, etc. This report presents some essential parts of this project, focusing on the multi-criteria method and results regarding ley crops, straw, farmed blue mussels and food waste (and stickleback to some extent). It clarifies how the method can be applied and highlights barriers, drivers and opportunities for each feedstock. Comparisons are also made. The results indicate that biogas production from food waste and ley crops is the most straightforward, and for straw and farmed blue mussels there are more obstacles to overcome. For all of them, the dynamic and very uncertain policy landscape is a barrier. In the final chapter, some conclusions about the method and its application are drawn.”,”NBN”:”urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-142917″,”number-of-pages”:”123″,”collection-title”:”Biogas Research Center (BRC) Report”,”collection-number”:”2017:1″,”keyword”:”multi-criteria analysis; biogas; biofertilizer; resource efficiency; feasibility; strategic decision making; ley crops; straw; blue mussels; food waste”,”published”:[{”raw”:”2017-11-10T10:21:00.000+01:00″}],”created”:[{”raw”:”2017-11-10T10:21:16.108+01:00″}],”updated”:[{”raw”:”2023-04-24T09:10:33.543+02:00″}],”URL”:”https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-142917″},{”id”:”diva2:1756336″,”type”:”report”,”issued”: {”date-parts”: [[2023]]},”title”:”The current Nordic biogas and biofertilizer potential : An inventory of established feedstock and current technology”,”language”:”eng”,”author”:[{”family”:”Lindfors”,”given”:”Axel”,”ORCID”:”0000-0002-4479-117x”,”localId”:”axeli23″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2193″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik”},{”id”:”872902″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]},{”family”:”Feiz”,”given”:”Roozbeh”,”ORCID”:”0000-0002-6736-6125″,”localId”:”roofe41″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2193″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik”},{”id”:”872902″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”}]}],”abstract”:”Biogas solutions in the Nordics is undergoing rapid developments and the demand for biogas is ever increasing because of the Russian war on Ukraine and the transition to fossil free industry and transportation. Furthermore, with the introduction of several multi-national companies into the biogas sector in the Nordics and with more and more biomethane being traded across national borders, it becomes increasingly important to view biogas solutions in the Nordics as a whole and to go beyond the confines of each individual nation. Since the transition and the current energy crisis require a quick response, understanding what could be done with current technologies and established substrates is important to guide decision-making in the short-term. This study aims to do just that by presenting the current biogas potential for the Nordics, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The potential was estimated for eight categories: food waste, manure, food industry waste, sludge from wastewater treatment, landscaping waste, straw, agricultural residues, and crops with negligible indirect land use effects (such as ley crops and intermediary crops). Two categories were excluded due to a lack of appropriate estimation procedures and time to develop such procedures, and these were marine substrates and forest industry waste. Furthermore, several categories are somewhat incomplete due to lack of data on the availability of substrates and their biogas characteristics. These include, for example, crops grown on Ecological focus areas, excess ley silage, damaged crops, and certain types of food industries. The specifics of each category is further detailed in Section 2 of the report.In the report, the biogas potential includes the biomethane potential, the nutrient potential, and the carbon dioxide production potential, capturing all outputs of a biogas plant. The results of the potential study show that the current biomethane potential for the Nordics is about 39 TWh (140 PJ) per year when considering the included biomass categories in the short-term perspective. In relation to current production, realizing this potential would mean a roughly fourfold increase in yearly production, meaning that a significant unexploited potential remains. On the nutrient side, the biogas system in the Nordics would, given the realization of the estimated potential, be of roughly the same size as current mineral fertilizer use (about 75 percent for nitrogen and 160 percent for phosphorous). While this represents the management of a significant portion of nutrients used in agriculture, the potential to replace or reduce mineral fertilizer use through biogas expansion remains unexplored in this study since a significant portion of nutrients come from biomass that is already used as fertilizer (e.g., manure). Finally, on the carbon dioxide side, about 4.2 million tonnes of carbon dioxide would be produced, which could be either captured and stored or captured and utilized, thereby further increasing the positive environmental effects associated with biogas solutions. In conclusion, there remains a large unexploited biogas potential in the Nordics, even when only considering current technologies and established feedstock that could be realized in the short-term (the theoretical potential is much larger since many substrate categories are excluded and the potential is limited to established technologies). Such a realization would bring large increases to biomethane production but would also mean that a significant amount of nutrients would be recirculated through the biogas system. This means that the biogas system has a key role to play in increasing both the food and energy security in the Nordic countries, in addition to its many positive environmental effects.”,”ISBN”:”9789180752558″,”DOI”:”10.3384/9789180752558″,”NBN”:”urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-193647″,”number-of-pages”:”28″,”collection-title”:”Biogas Research Center (BRC) Report”,”collection-number”:”2023:1″,”keyword”:”biogas; biogas potential; nordics; biomethane potential; nutrient potential; carbon dioxide production potential; Biogas; Norden”,”publisher-place”:”Linköping”,”publisher”:”Linköping University Electronic Press”,”note”:”This study is grateful for the financing it received from the following organisations: Energigas Svergie, Avfall Sverige, Avfall Norge, Biogas Danmark, Biogass Norge, Biogass Olsofjord, Energigass Norge, Suomen biokierto & biokaasu RY, SORPA, and Biogas Solutions Research Center.”,”published”:[{”raw”:”2023-05-11T13:13:00.000+02:00″}],”created”:[{”raw”:”2023-05-11T13:13:21.703+02:00″}],”updated”:[{”raw”:”2023-08-29T07:04:28.839+02:00″}],”URL”:”https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-193647″},{”id”:”diva2:1161103″,”type”:”report”,”issued”: {”date-parts”: [[2016]]},”title”:”The role of biogas solutions in the circular and bio-based economy”,”language”:”eng”,”author”:[{”family”:”Hagman”,”given”:”Linda”,”ORCID”:”0000-0002-3294-006X”,”localId”:”linma36″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2193″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik”},{”id”:”872902″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten”}]},{”family”:”Eklund”,”given”:”Mats”,”ORCID”:”0000-0003-0157-6573″,”localId”:”matek57″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2193″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik”},{”id”:”872902″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten”}]}],”abstract”:”This report contains a literature review over the values connected with anaerobic digestion and biogas production. After mapping all values found in scientific literature the values are used in an analysis based on the UN sustainability goals. The idea is to show how biogas solutions contribute to sustainability. The results show that biogas solutions contribute to all of the UN sustinability goals in one way or another. ”,”NBN”:”urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143023″,”number-of-pages”:”32″,”collection-title”:”Biogas Research Center (BRC) Report”,”collection-number”:”2016:1″,”keyword”:”Biogas; SDG; sustainable development goals; circular economy; Biogas; hållbarhetsmål; nyttor; cirkulär ekonomi”,”publisher-place”:”Linköping”,”publisher”:”Linköping University Electronic Press”,”published”:[{”raw”:”2017-11-29T10:16:00.000+01:00″}],”created”:[{”raw”:”2017-11-29T10:16:15.649+01:00″}],”updated”:[{”raw”:”2023-04-24T09:12:10.403+02:00″}],”URL”:”https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143023″},{”id”:”diva2:1760329″,”type”:”report”,”issued”: {”date-parts”: [[2023]]},”title”:”Towards a more circular biobased economy and nutrient use on Gotland : finding suitable locations for biogas plants”,”language”:”eng”,”author”:[{”family”:”Larsson”,”given”:”Madeleine”,”ORCID”:”0000-0003-4139-6884″,”localId”:”madla38″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”1750″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten”},{”id”:”873100″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biogas Solutions Research Center”},{”id”:”16250″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring”}]},{”family”:”Tonderski”,”given”:”Karin”,”ORCID”:”0000-0002-0722-6083″,”localId”:”karsu52″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”9603″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Biologi”},{”id”:”2193″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik”},{”id”:”872902″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten”}]},{”family”:”Metson”,”given”:”Genevieve”,”ORCID”:”0000-0002-8081-2126″,”localId”:”genme46″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”886952″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Ekologisk och miljövetenskaplig modellering”},{”id”:”872902″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten”},{”id”:”875750″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning, CSPR”}]},{”family”:”Quttineh”,”given”:”Nils-Hassan”,”ORCID”:”0000-0002-9881-4170″,”localId”:”nilqu94″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”872902″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten”},{”id”:”884511″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tillämpad matematik”}]},{”family”:”Orsholm”,”given”:”Johanna”,”localId”:”johor25″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”886952″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Ekologisk och miljövetenskaplig modellering”},{”id”:”872902″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten”},{”id”:”875750″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning, CSPR”}]}],”abstract”:”In this  study we have investigated the role of biogas solutions to support increased resource efficiency on the island Gotland,  including recovery and redistribution of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) within the agricultural sector. First, we  analyzed the potential for  expanding energy and nutrient recovery from organic residues using biogas solutions. Our findings suggest that the biogas production could expand to 165 GWh, from the current 36 GWh (2020), with manure accounting for a potential  110 GWh biogas annually if all were digested. Comparing the nutrients contained in organic feedstock with the crop nutrient demand on Gotland showed that for N the  demand is 2.4 times higher than the supply. In contrast, the calculations showed a 137 tonnes P surplus, with distinct excess areas in the center and southern part of the island.We then compared scenarios with different numbers (3 – 15) of biogas plants with respect to   efficient nutrient redistribution and transport costs. Spatial constraints for new plants, e.g. need for roads with a certain capacity  and permit issues, were accounted for by  adding local information to a national data set. We identified  104 potential locations (1 km$^2$ grid cells) and used an optimization model to identify the most suitable locations for minimized transport costs. Optimal  (meeting the crop demand with no excess) redistribution of all nutrients contained in the feedstock, as raw digestate from biogas plants, would result in an export of 127 tonnes of P from the island. The model results indicated that if all potential feedstock would be digested in three additional biogas plants and nutrients redistributed for optimal reuse, the total transport  cost would be 2.6 million SEK annually, excluding the costs for nutrient export from the island (3.7 million SEK). If instead 10 or 15 smaller plants would be built, the transport cost would drop to 1.8  million SEK, with the same amount of P being exported. Comparing the scenarios with different number of biogas plants (3 – 15), showed that some locations are more suitable than others in terms of distance to feedstock andto fields with fertilizer demands. Finally, a preliminary analysis of the amount of crop residues indicated that this type of feedstock could add a substantial amount of biogas production, but more extensive analyses are needed to assess  the feasibility to realize part of that potential.”,”DOI”:”10.3384/report.diva-194234″,”NBN”:”urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-194234″,”number-of-pages”:”42″,”collection-title”:”Biogas Research Center (BRC) Report”,”collection-number”:”2023:2″,”publisher-place”:”Linköping”,”publisher”:”Linköping University Electronic Press”,”note”:”The report has only been reviewed within the Biogas Research Center.”,”published”:[{”raw”:”2023-05-30T09:34:00.000+02:00″}],”created”:[{”raw”:”2023-05-30T09:34:22.673+02:00″}],”updated”:[{”raw”:”2023-09-15T13:15:17.994+02:00″}],”URL”:”https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-194234″},{”id”:”diva2:1800338″,”type”:”report”,”issued”: {”date-parts”: [[2023]]},”title”:”Värdeskapande av koldioxid från biogasproduktion”,”language”:”swe”,”author”:[{”family”:”Gustafsson”,”given”:”Marcus”,”ORCID”:”0000-0002-6722-3220″,”localId”:”margu22″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2193″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik”},{”id”:”872902″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten”}]},{”family”:”Cordova”,”given”:”Stephanie”,”ORCID”:”0000-0003-1563-8851″,”localId”:”steco26″,”affiliation”:[{”id”:”2193″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik”},{”id”:”872902″,”name”:”Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten”}]}],”abstract”:”Koldioxid (CO₂) har en negativ påverkan på klimatet, men har även många praktiska användningsområden. Många industriella processer släpper ut CO₂ i höga koncentrationer som skulle kunna fångas in för att begränsa emissioner och samtidigt skapa värdefulla produkter. Ett exempel på en sådan process är biogasuppgradering – en separationsprocess av förnybara gaser, där metan tas till vara för användning som fordonsbränsle eller energibärare inom industri, medan CO₂ släpps ut i atmosfären. Syftet med detta projekt har varit att kartlägga möjligheter och tekniker för att tillvarata grön CO₂ från biogasproduktion, så kallad carbon capture and utilization (CCU), samt att utreda förutsättningar för att tillämpa dessa i en svensk kontext. Arbetet har vägletts av följande frågeställningar:<ul><li>Hur stor är den nuvarande och framtida potentialen för CCU från biogasproduktion?</li><li>Vilka möjliga användningsområden finns det för CO₂ från biogasproduktion?</li><li>Vilka faktorer påverkar valet av användningsområde för CO₂ från biogasproduktion?</li><li>Hur stor är den miljömässiga nyttan av CCU från biogasproduktion?</li></ul>För att besvara dessa frågeställningar genomfördes potentialberäkningar, multikriterieanalys och livscykelanalys, med utgångspunkt i svensk biogasproduktion. En referensgrupp bestående av representanter för stora svenska företag inom biogasproduktion och teknik för biogasuppgradering användes för att möjliggöra samproduktion och nätverkande mellan forskargruppen och branschen.Produktionen av CO₂ från biogas uppskattades till 160 000 ton/år 2020, med potential att öka till 540 000 – 840 000 ton/år på medellång sikt och 790 000 – 1 230 000 ton/år på lång sikt, som en följd av en förmodad ökning av biogasproduktionen i Sverige. En stor del av koldioxiden produceras dock vid relativt små uppgraderingsanläggningar, vilket kan begränsa möjligheten att tillämpa CCU på grund av höga investerings- och driftskostnader. Att tillföra vätgas för att omvandla all CO₂ till metan skulle potentiellt kunna öka metanproduktionen från biogas från 2 till 3 TWh/år på kort sikt och från 11 till 17 TWh/år på lång sikt, förutsatt tillräckligt stor tillgång på vätgas.Andra sätt att använda CO₂ från biogas innefattar bland annat produktion av biomassa eller kemikalier, härdning av betong, pH-reglering av processvatten och användning som köldmedium. Valet av CCU- alternativ kan påverkas av miljömässiga, tekniska, ekonomiska och policyrelaterade aspekter. Ur biogasproducenternas perspektiv är metanisering det som är mest kompatibelt med det befintliga produktionssystemet och affärsmodellen, medan andra lösningar oftast innebär att en annan aktör tar hand om koldioxiden. Vätgas behövs för såväl metanisering som produktion av kemikalier. En annan begränsande faktor är höga renhetskrav på all CO₂ som distribueras och säljs på marknaden. Den geografiska spridningen på anläggningarna kan också vara en utmaning.Många CCU-alternativ kan förbättra biogasens miljöprestanda genom att ersätta fossilbaserade produkter. Klimatpåverkan blir lägst om koldioxiden metaniseras med förnybar vätgas eller mineraliseras i betong, men även andra former av miljöpåverkan kan minskas genom att tillämpa dessa eller andra CCU-alternativ. Som jämförelse kan permanent lagring av CO₂ i geologiska formationer (carbon capture and storage, CCS) endast minska klimatpåverkan, medan det ökar övriga typer av miljöpåverkan. Samtidigt kan permanent lagring av biogen CO₂ göra det svårare att minska användningen av fossil CO₂ och ställa om till ett mer hållbart samhälle. Behovet av kol i många viktiga processer och produkter talar för att biogen CO₂ bör användas och inte lagras.”,”ISBN”:”9789180753838″,”DOI”:”10.3384/9789180753838″,”NBN”:”urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-198138″,”number-of-pages”:”34″,”collection-title”:”Biogas Research Center (BRC) Report”,”collection-number”:”2023:3″,”publisher-place”:”Linköping”,”publisher”:”Linköping University Electronic Press”,”published”:[{”raw”:”2023-09-26T13:34:00.000+02:00″}],”created”:[{”raw”:”2023-09-26T13:34:58.960+02:00″}],”updated”:[{”raw”:”2023-10-19T14:37:15.946+02:00″}],”URL”:”https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-198138″}]
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The merged JSON and template:
Invalid JSON: https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/export.jsf?format=csl_json&addFilename=true&aq=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&aqe=[]&aq2=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=500&sortOrder=title_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_ascInvalid JSON: https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/export.jsf?format=csl_json&addFilename=true&aq=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&aqe=[]&aq2=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=500&sortOrder=title_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_ascInvalid JSON: https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/export.jsf?format=csl_json&addFilename=true&aq=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&aqe=[]&aq2=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=500&sortOrder=title_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_ascInvalid JSON: https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/export.jsf?format=csl_json&addFilename=true&aq=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&aqe=[]&aq2=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=500&sortOrder=title_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_ascInvalid JSON: https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/export.jsf?format=csl_json&addFilename=true&aq=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&aqe=[]&aq2=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=500&sortOrder=title_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_ascInvalid JSON: https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/export.jsf?format=csl_json&addFilename=true&aq=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&aqe=[]&aq2=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=500&sortOrder=title_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_ascInvalid JSON: https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/export.jsf?format=csl_json&addFilename=true&aq=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&aqe=[]&aq2=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=500&sortOrder=title_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_ascInvalid JSON: https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/export.jsf?format=csl_json&addFilename=true&aq=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&aqe=[]&aq2=[[{"seriesId":"12202"}]]&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=500&sortOrder=title_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc